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1
180 Degree Hybrid Phase Shifters
3
3-Bit Attenuator Example
3D load-pull plot example
5
5G
A
A GaAs Poem
A more accurate Tline model
A More Exact Coax Attenuation Solution
A Note on Noise
A Prescription For THz Transistor Characterization
A Rough Justice
ABCD Parameters
ABCs of Amplifiers
Absorbing Materials
Active Bias Networks for FETs
Active Denial - Career Killer?
Active Directivity of Amplifiers
Adams' resistive splitter
Additive manufacturing
ADS Example 1. Two-state devices
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AESAs
Air
Air bridge inductance
Airline calibration standards
Alumina 96%
Alumina 99.5%
Aluminum
Aluminum Nitride
American Wire Gauge
Amplifier Classes
Amplifier temperature compensation example
An Important Characteristic of Phase Shifters
An Important Shunt Switch Consideration
Anechoic Chambers
Antenna Design
Antenna measurements
Anti-Virus and Anti-Malware
Antimonide-based compound semiconductors (abcs)
April 2005 Press Release
ARMMS Conference
Artificial transmission lines
Association of Old Crows
Atmospheric Attenuation
Atmospheric Breakdown
Atmospheric Pressure
Attenuator Dissipation
Attenuator Math
Attenuators
Automotive Radar
Automotive radar applications
Averaging example
Avoiding oscillations in microwave packaging
B
BAA
Bakelite
Balanced amplifier VSWR
Balanced Amplifiers
Balanced filter
Baluns
Barium strontium titanate (BST)
Barker codes
Basic Concepts
Basic network theory
Basics of computational electromagnetics
Basics of Good EMI/EMC Design
Batteries
BCICTS
BCICTS History
Beam Forming Networks
Beryllium Oxide
Bias Tee
Bias voltage versus supply voltage
Bicononical antenna
Biological Effects of EM Radiation
Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs)
Book: Microwave Engineering by Kaul and Wolff
Books as Free Downloads
Books on Engineering History
Books on Microwave Engineering
Brainwaves and Death (a novel)
Branchline Couplers
Breadboard RF Modulator
Bridged Tee Fractional Dissipation
Broadband Four-way and Eight-way Wilkinson Example
BTOP
Butler Matrix
C
Cable Care
Cable Length Rule of Thumb
Calibrating S-parameter Measurements
Capacitor ESR Effects
Capacitor Fabrication
Capacitor Materials
Capacitor Mathematics
Capacitor temperature effects
Capacitor voltage effects
Capacitors
Carbon Nanotubes
Carrottenuator
CASA Center
Cascade Analysis
Cascade Calculator
Cascaded Rat-Race Coupler
Cascaded Splitters and Couplers
Cell Phones
Ceramic Capacitors
Chalcogenide switches
Chalmers University of Technology
Characteristic Impedance
Charge storage capacitor dissipation
Charge Storage Capacitors
Cheapline™
Chicken dots
Chip & Wire Construction
Chromium
Circuit card burn-in
Circular patch antennas
Circular Waveguide
Circularly Polarized Antenna Feed
Circulators
Clemson University
Co-fired Ceramics
Coax
Coax absolute maximum power handling
Coax Cables
Coax Calculator
Coax cutoff frequency
Coax Loss Calculations
Coax Loss due to Dielectric Conduction
Coax Loss due to Loss Tangent
Coax loss versus temperature
Coax Power Handling
Coffee Can Radar
Cold S-parameters
Colorado State University
Comb Generator
Combiner Loss Figure of Merit
Common-Leg Circuits
Compact Wilkinsons
Compression point
Computational Electromagnetics
Computer-Aided Design
Computers
Computing the S-parameters of two cascaded circuits
Conducting Materials
Conductivity
Connector Care
Connector Color Code
Connector Sex
Connector Torque
Controlling Curve Tracer Oscillations
Coplanar Waveguide
Copper
Copper pour on RF PCBs
Corner Reflectors
Corporate Power Dividers
Could your cell phone erase a hotel key?
Coupled Line Coupler Advice
Coupled Line Couplers
Coupled Oscillators
Coupler Fundamentals
Coupler Loss
Couplers and Splitters
Cripps' analysis
Cryogenics in microwaves
Crystal Oscillators
Curve Tracer Example 1
Curve Tracer Example 2
Curve Tracer Example 3
Curve Tracer Measurements
Curve Tracer Modification
Cylindrical cavity resonators
Cylindrical phased arrays
D
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)
DARPA Microwave Programs
Darwish offset power dividers
DC Block
De-embedding Load-Pull Data
De-embedding S-Parameters
De-embedding using negation elements
Decibels
Deep Space Network
Design of experiments
Designing for High Peak Power
Designing Wilkinsons in Excel
Detectors
Dielectric-Loaded Waveguide
Digital Logic for Microwave Circuits
Digital modulation
Diodes
Diplexers
Direct digital receivers
Directed energy weapons
Directional Couplers
Discrete Devices
Dispersion
Dispersion in microstrip
Distortion 101
Distributed Amplifiers
Dk and Df Extraction Spreadsheet
Doherty Amplifiers
Doppler Radar Teardown
Doppler Shift
Dot Termination
Double-Balanced Mixers
Double-Box Branchlines
Double-Ridged Waveguide
Drill Sizes
Drones
Drop, Droop and Roll-Off
Dual Dielectric Coax Calculator
Dual-Channel Receivers
Dual junction circulators
Duplexers
Dynamic Range
E
eCalibration
Efficiency of Microwave Devices
Eight-Way Wilkinson Example
Eisenhart connector
Eisenhart Section 1 Intro
Eisenhart Section 2 Transmission Lines
Eisenhart Section 3 Planar Circuit Issues
Eisenhart Section 4 Waveguides and Circuits
Eisenhart Section 5 Antenna Element Design
Eisenhart Section 6 Antenna Array Design
Eisenhart Section 7 Extraneous Items
Eisenhart Section 8 Dual Band Common Aperture Array Design
Electro-Static Discharge
Electromagnetic Analysis Software
Electronic article surveillance
Electronic Bandgap Materials
Electronic Decoys
Electronic Warfare
Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook
Eli Brookner lectures on phased arrays
EM analysis in MMIC design
EM Analysis Using Sonnet Software
EM Drive
Embedded resistors
Engineering Jokes
Envelope tracking
Epoxy for electronics
Equal ripple transformer example
Equivalent circuit model example 1: gain equalizer
Equivalent circuit model fitter
ESD Protection Circuits
Etch Factor
Even and Odd Mode Impedances
Evolution of the Lange Coupler
Excel S-Parameter Mixer
Experiment
F
Faking SPDT three-port S-parameters
Feedback Amplifiers
Feedthroughs
Ferrite Beads
Ferrite Devices
Ferrite Switches
Ferroelectric Phase Shifters
FET Bias Networks
Fiducials
File Sharing
Filling Factor
Filter Response Types
Filter Schematic Symbols
Filters
Finite Element Analysis
Finite Integration Technique
Finline
Flexible Waveguide
Flip Chip Technology
Fmax and Ft
Fourier transforms
Fourier's Law
FR-4
FraudoCAD
Free book on microwave radiometry
Free EDA software
Free Space Path Loss
Frequency Letter Bands
Frequency Meters
Frequency Multipliers
Frequency Translators
Frequently Asked Questions
Frey Effect
Full Duplex Transmit/Receive
Fundamentals of EM Waves
Fundamentals of Radio Course
G
Gain
Gain Equalizers
Gallium Arsenide
Gallium Arsenide Semiconductors
Gallium Nitride
Gallium Nitride Semiconductors
Garage MOSFETS
Georgia Tech
Getting organized
Glass Materials
Global Positioning System
Gold
Graceful degradation
Graceful degradation in SSPAs
Grammar and Punctuation
Grating Lobes
Greek letters in microwave engineering
Ground
Ground Penetrating Radar
Group Delay
Group Delay in Filters
Group delay in waveguide
Group Delay Measurements
Group Delay Simulation
Growing Semiconductor Boules
Growing Starting Material
Gunn diode oscillators
Gysel even/odd mode analysis
Gysel N-way Splitter
Gysel Power Splitter
H
H-tree antenna feed
H-tree antenna feed spreadsheet
Hard Substrate Materials
Hardline Balanced Input Technique
Harmonic balance
Hazardous Materials
HBTs
Heat and temperature effects
Helix antennas
Hermeticity
High Permeability Materials
High Temperature Co-fired Ceramics
High-Pass Low-Pass Phase Shifters
Historical Test Equipment
History of microstrip
History of Microwave Diodes
History of Microwave Engineering
History of Microwave Filters
History of Microwave Software
History of MMICs
History of Stripline
History of the Microwave Oven
Homodyne Receivers
Horn Antennas
Hot Vias
Housings
How many sections do you need in a Wilkinson?
How to (not) Trash a Calibration Kit!
How to Properly Clean and Care for Connectors
How to size isolation resistors in SSPAs
How We Finally Got it Right (and all the secrets too!)
Hybrid (3 dB) couplers
Hybrid coupler isolation limitation
Hybrid Modules
I
I-Q Mixers
IEEE Journal of Microwaves
IEEE Microwave Theory and Technology Society
IEEE STD 287 Precision RF Connectors
Image Rejection Mixers
IMPATT diodes
IMPATT transmitters
Indian Institutes of Technology
Indium
Indium Phosphide
Indium Phosphide Semiconductors
Induction cooking
Inductor Mathematics
Inductors
Insertion Loss
International Microwave Symposium
International traffic in arms regulations (ITAR)
Internet Connectivity
Iridium
Iron
ISIS Diodes
Isolation
Isolation load resistor dissipation in Wilkinson power dividers
Isolators
Isotropy and Anisotropy
J
John Shive's Wave Machines
Josephson junctions - career killer?
K
K-Factor Derivation
Keffective
Klopfenstein Taper
Know your audience
Kouzoujian Splitter
L
L-Pads
Laboratory Safety
Laird
Lange Couplers
Laws of Thermodynamics
LDMOS
Lead
LEO Satcom
Light, Phase and Group Velocities
Lim Eom Power Combiner Example #2
Lim-Eom 3-way Power Splitters
Lim-Eom Power Combiner Example #1
Limiters
Line Stretchers
Linear CAD Software
Linear Interpolation for Excel
Linear voltage regulators
Liquid metal switches
Load Pull for Power Devices
Load-modulated balanced amplifier
Load-Pull Effects on Power Combiners
Loaded-Line Phase Shifters
Lockheed Flyby
Log Amplifiers
Long Wavelength Array
Loss or gain?
Low Expansion Alloys
Low Frequency Dispersion in TEM Lines
Low noise amplifiers (LNAs)
Low noise blocks
Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics
Lumped Element Bias Tee
Lumped Element Filter Calculator
Lumped Element Filters
Lumped element matching calculator
Lumped element Wilkinson power divider example 1
Lumped Element Wilkinson Splitters
Lumped Elements
Lumped-element branchline coupler
Lumped-element two-section branchline coupler
Lumped-element two-section branchline coupler MMIC
M
Magic Tees
Magical Lambda
Magnetic Materials
Magnetron
Manufacturing semi-rigid cables
March hybrid combiner
Marchand balun
Mark 53 VT Fuze
Masers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Matching Networks
Materials for Microwave Engineering
Maximally-Flat Impedance Transformers
Maximally-flat unequal Wilkinson
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Maxwell's Equations
Measuring Characteristic Impedance
Measuring Dielectric Constant
Measuring dielectric constant from group delay
Mechanical Switches
Mechanical Universe from Caltech
Mechanically Adjustable Attenuator
MEMS for microwaves
MEMS Phase Shifters
MEMS Tree of Woe
Men of Science, Santa Barbara News-Press, 1958
Mesa Resistors
Meta-material research at NIT Trichy
Metal-insulator-transition switches
Metamaterials
Metrology
Microstrip
Microstrip "3 dB" Coupler
Microstrip Loss Calculations
Microstrip Loss due to Substrate Conduction
Microstrip Patch Antennas
Microstrip Short Circuit
Microstrip Via Hole Inductance
Microwave Amateur Radio
Microwave Auditory Effects
Microwave Career Killers
Microwave Circuit Card Assemblies
Microwave Coaxial Connectors
Microwave Colleges
Microwave Events Calendar
Microwave FET Tutorial
Microwave Figures of Merit
Microwave Hall of Fame Part I
Microwave Hall of Fame Part III
Microwave Heating
Microwave Imaging
Microwave Impedance Tuners
Microwave Integrated Circuits
Microwave Lab
Microwave Link Budget
Microwave Man
Microwave Market Research
Microwave Measurements
Microwave Medical Applications
Microwave Mortuary
Microwave Nomographs
Microwave ovens
Microwave PCBs - cost versus performance
Microwave Plating 101
Microwave Poetry
Microwave Printed Circuit Boards
Microwave Receivers
Microwave Rules of Thumb
Microwave Semiconductor Processing
Microwave Semiconductor Tradeoffs
Microwave Slang
Microwave Smartphone Apps
Microwave spectroscopy
Microwave Startups
Microwave Switches
Microwave terminations
Microwave Toilets
Microwave Trade Journals
Microwave Tubes
Microwave Hall of Fame Part II
Microwaves101 Gift Shop
Microwaves101 Line Stretcher!
Microwaves101 switch FET model
MIL-Specs for Microwaves
Miller effect
Millimeterwave packaging
MIMIC Program
MIMO - an Historical Tutorial
Minimizing Attenuation
Minimum detectable signal
Miscellaneous Dielectric Constants
Mismatch Loss, Etc.
Mismatched termination power handling
Mismatched terminations
Mission Statement
MIT Radiation Laboratory (Rad Lab)
Mitered Bends
Mixed-Mode S-Parameters
Mixer Mess!
Mixer Noise Figure
Mixer Spur Chart
Mixer waveforms
Mixers
MMIC Design
MMIC Phase Shifter Example 1
MMIC Phase Shifter Example 2
MMIC Suppliers
MMIC Switch Design Example 2
MMIC Switch Design Example 3
MMICs
Monopulse Antennas
Monopulse Comparator Networks
MTT IMS 3-Minute Thesis Competition
Multi-bit phase shifter design - how NOT to calculate RMS phase error
Multi-bit phase shifter design using Microwave Office
Multi-Dielectric Coax
Multi-section symmetric couplers
Multi-State Simulations, Part II
Multipaction
Multiplexers
Multistage Wilkinsons
MW101Stuff the Official Microwaves101 Newsletter!
N
N-way Power Splitters
N-way Unequal-Split Wilkinsons
N-way Wilkinson splitters
National Taiwan University
National Electronics Museum
National Institute of Technology, Trichy
Navy Electricity and Electronics Series
Negative resistance devices
Network Analyzer Measurements
New York University Tandon School of Engineering
Nickel
No Link Provided
Noise Conversion
Noise Figure
Noise figure measurement on a VNA!
Noise Figure of Passives
Noise Figure One and Two, Friis and IEEE
Noise Notes
Noise Parameter Equations
Noise Parameter Extraction using Source Pull
Noise Parameters
Noise parameters, a practical example
Noise Temperature
Non-Linear Devices
Non-linear Passive Reciprocal Networks
Nonlinear Transmission Lines
Normalized Determinant Function (NDF)
O
Ode to GREENTAPE
Off-Center Coax
Old School Tools
Optimization
Optimizing circuits using EM analysis
Oscillators
Oscilloscope Measurements
Owen Splitter
Owen Splitter Example #1
P
Packaging
Packaging, assembly, and interconnects
Palladium
Parabolic gain equalizer example 2
Parabolic Gain Equalizers
Parabolic Reflector Antennas
Parallel Plate Waveguide
Parametric amplifiers
Parasitics
Particle Impact Noise Detection
Paschen's Law
Patch Coupler
Percent bandwidth
Periodic Chart
Peripheral Devices
Permalloy
Permeability
Permittivity
PESAs
Phase change switches
Phase delay
Phase delay formula derivation
Phase noise
Phase noise videos
Phase Shifter Multi-State Simulation
Phase Shifter RMS Amplitude Error
Phase Shifter RMS Phase Error
Phase Shifters
Phase-variable mismatched termination
Phased Array Antennas
Phased array tip
Photolithography 101
Physical Constants
Pill terminations
PIN Diodes
PIN Diode Switches
PIN Diode 180 Degree Phase Shifter
Planar RF baluns
Platinum
Pocket Comb Mixer
Pocket Knife Keychain
Pocket Protector
Polarization
PolyStrata(R) Process
Porcelain
Portmanteaux in Engineering
Power Amp Designer101!
Power Amplifiers
Power combiner loss calculation
Power Combining
Power conditioning circuits
Power density calculation
Power Divider Calculator
Power Handling
Power Handling in Waveguide
Power Meter Measurements
Power splitter or power divider?
Poynting Vector
Precision Connectors
Printed circuit board milling
Problems with VSWR in Medical Applications
Project Connect
Propagation Constant
PTFE
Pulsed versus CW
Pulsed RF Sources
Pulsed RF spectrum spreadsheet
Purdue University
Push-On Connectors
Q
Quadrature (90 degree) property of symmetric coupled lines
Quadrature couplers
Quadrature Reflection Phase Shifters
Quality factor
Quan Attenuator
Quarter-wave Transformers
Quarter-wave Tricks
Quartz
R
Radar Absorbers
Radar Cross-Section Physics
Radar Detector Breakdown
Radar Range Equation
Radar-based Vital Sign Detection
Radar101
Radio Astronomy
Radio direction finding
Radio songs
Radio101
Radiometric Receivers
Radomes
Rat-race couplers
Rat-Race versus Gysel Splitters
RCA
Reactance and Admittance Calculator
Reactance Calculator
Receiver Blocking
Rectangular Waveguide Dimensions
Rectax
Rectax cut-off frequency
Rectennas
Reference Planes
Reflection Attenuators
Reflection Coefficient Sniffer
Reflection Phase Shifters
Reflectionless filters
Reflector Analysis and Accuracy
Reliability
Repairing corrupt S2P files
Resistance Temperature Devices (RTDs)
Resistive Power Splitters
Resistive Taps
Resistor Mathematics
Resistor Trimming
Resistors and Terminations
Resonance of RLC Circuits
Resonant Cavities
Resonant Frequency Calculator
Resonating switch-FET off-capacitance
Resonator Parameters
RETMA Values
RF cable model
RF Lighting
RF printed wiring board hints
RF Probe Calibration
RF Probing
RF Sheet Resistance
RF sheet resistance in multilayer media
RF wirebond compensation
RF wirebonds
RF Ablation
RFID
Rhodium
Right angle resistor
Ring Or Crossover?
RMS Phase and Amplitude Errors
RoHS
Rotary Joints
Rotman Lens
Rotodomes
Rubylith
S
S-parameter interpolator
S-parameter Utilities Spreadsheet
S-parameters
Saleh Power Divider
Sample documents
Sapphire
SatCom
SBIR and STTR Programs
Schiffman Phase Shifters
Schottky Diodes
Scoop-proof connectors
Seam Sealer
Self Resonant Frequency
Semi-rigid coax
Seoul National University
Serial coupled combiner
Sheet Resistance
Short-Slot Waveguide Hybrid
SIGABA
Silicon
Silicon Carbide
Silicon Dioxide
Silicon Semiconductors
Silver
Simultaneous Transmit and Receive (STAR)
Single Sideband Transmission
Single-sideband mixers
Sintered silver paste
Six Sigma
Skin Depth
Skin Depth Calculator
SLCFET
Sliding load
Slotline
Slotted Line Measurements
Slow-Wave Structures
SMA and SSMA Connectors
SMB Connectors
SMC Connectors
Smith Chart Basics
Smith Chart in Excel
Smith Chart Tributes
Smoothing Group Delay Data
Smoothing is Cheating!
SMP Connectors
SMPM Connectors
SNP Format
Soft Substrate Materials
Software Defined Radio (SDR)
Software for Circuit Layout
Solder for microwave assemblies
Soldering Basics
Solid state power amplifiers
Solid-state microwave ovens
Solid-State Switches
Solving Equations with Linear Interpolation
Some (not so good) Traces
Songs about Radar
Songs about SatCom
Songs about telecommunications
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
Special Mixer Mess
Spectral inversion
Spectrum Analyser Mixer Dissection - Page 2
Spectrum Analyser Mixer Dissection - Page 3
Spectrum Analyser Mixer Dissection - Page 4
Spectrum Analyser Mixer Dissection - Page 5
Spectrum analysis
Spectrum Analyzer
Spice Analysis
Split Tee Power Divider
Sponsorship Information
Spur Search
SSMC connectors
SSPAs - a special consideration
Stability factor
Starlink
Stiction
Stripline
Structural Materials
Stuffies of IMS
Sub-Harmonic Mixers
Substrate Integrated Waveguide
SUNY New Paltz
Superconductors
Superheterodyne Receivers
Surface Roughness
Surface roughness effect on propagation delay
Survey Results 2015
Suspended Air Stripline
Suspended Substrate Stripline Couplers (and how we got there from hardline!)
Switch Design
Switch Drivers
Switch FET geometric modeling
Switch FETs and FET Switches
Switch Matrices
Switch Power Handling
Switchable Attenuators
Switched filter banks
Switched Filter Phase Shifters
Switched Line Phase Shifters
Switched mode power supplies
T
Tantalum
Tapered Transformers
TDUs or phase shifters?
Technical Writing
Telegrapher's Equations
TEM Wavelength Calculator
Temperature Expansion
Temperature Measurement
Temperature modeling of S-parameters
Temperature variable attenuators
TeraHertz Systems
The History of Electronic Warfare - Part I
The Infrared and Electro-Optical Systems Handbook
The Result - Performance Traces
Thermal Analysis
Thermal Conductivity
Thermistors
Thermocouples
Thermoelectric Coolers
Thick-Film Resistors
Thin-Film Networks
Thin-Film Resistors
Three Dimensional Smith Chart
Three-way Branchline Coupler
Three-Way Planar Wilkinsons
Three-way Rat Race Coupler
Time domain analysis using frequency domain data
Time Domain Reflectometry
Time Delay Unit (TDU)
Tin
Tips and Techniques for Microwave Circuit Design
Titanium
TK connectors
Tools for Working Remotely
Toroidal inductors
Torque Wrench
Transfer S-parameters
Transient analysis using EDA software
Transmission Line Loss
Transmission line temperature effects
Transmission line tool
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line Model
Transmit/Receive Modules
Transverse Electro-Magnetic (TEM)
Traveling Wave Divider Secrets Revealed
Traveling Wave Splitter
Traveling wave tubes (TWTs)
Triax
TRL calibration
True Time Delay
Tsai Balun
Tunable filters
Tungsten
Tunnel Diodes
Twelfth-wave Transformer
Twinax
Two-section branchline coupler
U
Unequal Gysel splitters
Unequal split power dividers
Unequal, N-way Gysel power divider
Unequal-split branchline coupler
Unequal-split Wilkinson power divider simplified
Unequal-Split Wilkinsons
Unequal-split Wilkinsons - the rest of the story
Units and Conversion Factors
University of Califonia San Diego
University of Oklahoma
University of Texas El Paso
University of Virginia
Unstable Amplifier Examples
V
V-bonds
Van der Pauw Measurements
Varactor Phase Shifters
Varactors
Variable Attenuators
Variable frequency microwave
Varian Radar Ads-Historical
Vector Modulator
Video Conferencing
Virtual Lobby
Visualizing VSWR
Vivaldi Antenna
Vlad's Lumped Element Filter Designer
VNA Help!
Vocal Acoustics
Voltage regulator modules
Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
W
Waugh Attenuator
Waveguide Cavity Filters
Waveguide Construction
Waveguide Loss
Waveguide Mode Visualization
Waveguide Primer
Waveguide to coax transitions
Waveguide wave impedance
Waveguide Mathematics
Wavenumber
What makes a good low-noise device?
What's a Neper?
What's that antenna, Daddy (or Mommy?)
What's the frequency?
Where are They Now?
Why Fifty Ohms?
Why there is no way to make a 45 degree hybrid coupler
Wideband 180 Degree Coupler
Wideband receiver harmonic spur suppression
Wilkinson Isolation
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe: Mapping the Early Universe
Wilkinson Power Splitters
Wire over ground transmission line
Wire Transmission Lines
Wirebond Impedance and Attenuation
Wirebonding
Wireless
Wireless power transfer
WLAN Standards
Women in Microwaves
Writing process and style
Y
Yield Analysis
YIG Technology
Z
Zener Diodes
Zinc
Zirconium
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MW101Stuff the Official Microwaves101 Newsletter!
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Survey Results 2015
Active Devices
Antimonide-based compound semiconductors (abcs)
Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs)
Carbon Nanotubes
Discrete Devices
Fmax and Ft
Gallium Arsenide Semiconductors
Gallium Nitride Semiconductors
Garage MOSFETS
HBTs
Indium Phosphide Semiconductors
LDMOS
Microwave FET Tutorial
Microwave Semiconductor Tradeoffs
Miller effect
Silicon Semiconductors
Amplifiers
ABCs of Amplifiers
Active Directivity of Amplifiers
Amplifier Classes
Balanced amplifier VSWR
Balanced Amplifiers
Bias Tee
Bias voltage versus supply voltage
Distributed Amplifiers
Doherty Amplifiers
Efficiency of Microwave Devices
Envelope tracking
Feedback Amplifiers
FET Bias Networks
Graceful degradation
Graceful degradation in SSPAs
How to size isolation resistors in SSPAs
Load-modulated balanced amplifier
Log Amplifiers
Low noise amplifiers (LNAs)
Low noise blocks
Normalized Determinant Function (NDF)
Parametric amplifiers
Power Amp Designer101!
Power Amplifiers
Power Combining
Power density calculation
Solid state power amplifiers
SSPAs - a special consideration
Unstable Amplifier Examples
Analog Circuits
Active Bias Networks for FETs
Breadboard RF Modulator
Charge Storage Capacitors
Linear voltage regulators
Power conditioning circuits
Switch Drivers
Switched mode power supplies
Voltage regulator modules
Analysis and Theory
A More Exact Coax Attenuation Solution
ABCD Parameters
Characteristic Impedance
Chip & Wire Construction
Coax Loss Calculations
Coax Loss due to Dielectric Conduction
Coax Loss due to Loss Tangent
Computational Electromagnetics
Even and Odd Mode Impedances
Finite Element Analysis
Fourier transforms
Fundamentals of EM Waves
Group Delay Simulation
Gysel even/odd mode analysis
Insertion Loss
K-Factor Derivation
Linear Interpolation for Excel
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Minimizing Attenuation
Mismatch Loss, Etc.
Mitered Bends
Phase delay
Poynting Vector
Reflection Coefficient Sniffer
RF Sheet Resistance
RF sheet resistance in multilayer media
Sheet Resistance
Smoothing Group Delay Data
Smoothing is Cheating!
Solving Equations with Linear Interpolation
Stability factor
Surface Roughness
Telegrapher's Equations
Visualizing VSWR
Wavenumber
Why Fifty Ohms?
Wirebond Impedance and Attenuation
Antennas and Feeds
Anechoic Chambers
Antenna Design
Antenna measurements
Beam Forming Networks
Bicononical antenna
Butler Matrix
Circular patch antennas
Circularly Polarized Antenna Feed
H-tree antenna feed
H-tree antenna feed spreadsheet
Horn Antennas
Long Wavelength Array
Microstrip Patch Antennas
Monopulse Antennas
Parabolic Reflector Antennas
Polarization
Radomes
Reflector Analysis and Accuracy
Rotary Joints
Rotman Lens
Rotodomes
Vivaldi Antenna
What's that antenna, Daddy (or Mommy?)
Applications
Automotive radar applications
Biological Effects of EM Radiation
Drones
Electronic article surveillance
Electronic Decoys
Electronic Warfare
EM Drive
Global Positioning System
Microwave Imaging
Microwave Medical Applications
Microwave spectroscopy
Microwave Toilets
Problems with VSWR in Medical Applications
Radio Astronomy
Rectennas
RF Lighting
RF Ablation
TeraHertz Systems
Attenuators
3-Bit Attenuator Example
Attenuator Dissipation
Attenuator Math
Attenuators
Carrottenuator
L-Pads
Mechanically Adjustable Attenuator
Quan Attenuator
Reflection Attenuators
Switchable Attenuators
Variable Attenuators
Waugh Attenuator
Basic Concepts
Atmospheric Attenuation
Basic Concepts
Basic network theory
Decibels
Gain
Greek letters in microwave engineering
John Shive's Wave Machines
Loss or gain?
Magical Lambda
Percent bandwidth
Permeability
Permittivity
Phase delay formula derivation
Physical Constants
Quality factor
Reference Planes
Skin Depth
Units and Conversion Factors
Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
What's a Neper?
What's the frequency?
Books and Resources
Book: Microwave Engineering by Kaul and Wolff
Books as Free Downloads
Books on Engineering History
Books on Microwave Engineering
Brainwaves and Death (a novel)
Eisenhart Section 1 Intro
Eisenhart Section 2 Transmission Lines
Eisenhart Section 3 Planar Circuit Issues
Eisenhart Section 4 Waveguides and Circuits
Eisenhart Section 5 Antenna Element Design
Eisenhart Section 6 Antenna Array Design
Eisenhart Section 7 Extraneous Items
Eisenhart Section 8 Dual Band Common Aperture Array Design
Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook
Free book on microwave radiometry
IEEE Journal of Microwaves
Microwave Amateur Radio
Microwave Trade Journals
Navy Electricity and Electronics Series
Project Connect
Tips and Techniques for Microwave Circuit Design
Business Development
BTOP
DARPA Microwave Programs
Microwave Market Research
SBIR and STTR Programs
Cables
Cable Care
Cable Length Rule of Thumb
Coax Cables
Manufacturing semi-rigid cables
RF cable model
Semi-rigid coax
Calculators
Cascade Calculator
Coax Calculator
Computing the S-parameters of two cascaded circuits
Dual Dielectric Coax Calculator
Lumped Element Filter Calculator
Microwave Link Budget
Power Divider Calculator
Reactance and Admittance Calculator
Reactance Calculator
Resonant Frequency Calculator
Skin Depth Calculator
TEM Wavelength Calculator
Career
Active Denial - Career Killer?
Josephson junctions - career killer?
Microwave Career Killers
Microwave Startups
Circuit card assemblies
Etch Factor
Microwave PCBs - cost versus performance
Microwave Printed Circuit Boards
Printed circuit board milling
RF printed wiring board hints
Circulators/Isolators
Dual junction circulators
Connectors
Connector Care
Connector Color Code
Connector Sex
Connector Torque
Eisenhart connector
How to Properly Clean and Care for Connectors
IEEE STD 287 Precision RF Connectors
Microwave Coaxial Connectors
Precision Connectors
Push-On Connectors
Scoop-proof connectors
SMA and SSMA Connectors
SMB Connectors
SMC Connectors
SMP Connectors
SMPM Connectors
SNP Format
SSMC connectors
TK connectors
Torque Wrench
Couplers
Branchline Couplers
Cascaded Rat-Race Coupler
Cascaded Splitters and Couplers
Coupled Line Coupler Advice
Coupled Line Couplers
Coupler Fundamentals
Coupler Loss
Couplers and Splitters
Directional Couplers
Double-Box Branchlines
Evolution of the Lange Coupler
Hybrid (3 dB) couplers
Hybrid coupler isolation limitation
Lange Couplers
March hybrid combiner
Microstrip "3 dB" Coupler
Multi-section symmetric couplers
Patch Coupler
Power combiner loss calculation
Quadrature (90 degree) property of symmetric coupled lines
Quadrature couplers
Rat-race couplers
Three-way Branchline Coupler
Traveling Wave Divider Secrets Revealed
Why there is no way to make a 45 degree hybrid coupler
Wideband 180 Degree Coupler
Detectors
Detectors
Radar Detector Breakdown
Dividers/Combiners
Baluns
Broadband Four-way and Eight-way Wilkinson Example
Combiner Loss Figure of Merit
Compact Wilkinsons
Corporate Power Dividers
Darwish offset power dividers
Designing Wilkinsons in Excel
Eight-Way Wilkinson Example
Gysel N-way Splitter
Gysel Power Splitter
How many sections do you need in a Wilkinson?
Isolation load resistor dissipation in Wilkinson power dividers
Kouzoujian Splitter
Lim-Eom Power Combiner Example #1
Load-Pull Effects on Power Combiners
Lumped-element branchline coupler
Lumped-element two-section branchline coupler
Lumped-element two-section branchline coupler MMIC
Marchand balun
Maximally-flat unequal Wilkinson
Multistage Wilkinsons
N-way Power Splitters
N-way Unequal-Split Wilkinsons
N-way Wilkinson splitters
Planar RF baluns
Power splitter or power divider?
Rat-Race versus Gysel Splitters
Resistive Power Splitters
Saleh Power Divider
Serial coupled combiner
Split Tee Power Divider
Three-Way Planar Wilkinsons
Three-way Rat Race Coupler
Traveling Wave Splitter
Tsai Balun
Two-section branchline coupler
Unequal Gysel splitters
Unequal split power dividers
Unequal, N-way Gysel power divider
Unequal-split branchline coupler
Unequal-split Wilkinson power divider simplified
Unequal-Split Wilkinsons
Unequal-split Wilkinsons - the rest of the story
Wilkinson Isolation
Wilkinson Power Splitters
Electromagnetic EDA Analysis
Basics of computational electromagnetics
EM analysis in MMIC design
EM Analysis Using Sonnet Software
Optimizing circuits using EM analysis
Right angle resistor
Electronically Steerable Antennas
AESAs
Common-Leg Circuits
Cylindrical phased arrays
Grating Lobes
PESAs
Phased Array Antennas
Phased array tip
TDUs or phase shifters?
Transmit/Receive Modules
Electro-Optical Systems
The Infrared and Electro-Optical Systems Handbook
Ferrite Devices
Circulators
Duplexers
Ferrite Beads
Ferrite Devices
Isolation
Isolators
Permalloy
Filters
Balanced filter
Cylindrical cavity resonators
DC Block
Diplexers
Drop, Droop and Roll-Off
Filter Response Types
Filter Schematic Symbols
Filters
Group Delay
Group Delay in Filters
Lumped Element Filters
Multiplexers
Reflectionless filters
Resonant Cavities
Resonator Parameters
Switched filter banks
Tunable filters
Vlad's Lumped Element Filter Designer
Waveguide Cavity Filters
YIG Technology
Fun Stuff
A GaAs Poem
April 2005 Press Release
Could your cell phone erase a hotel key?
Engineering Jokes
Lockheed Flyby
MEMS Tree of Woe
Microwave Man
Microwave Mortuary
Microwave Poetry
Microwave Slang
Microwaves101 Gift Shop
Ode to GREENTAPE
Portmanteaux in Engineering
Radio songs
Smith Chart Tributes
Songs about Radar
Songs about SatCom
Songs about telecommunications
Stuffies of IMS
Heat and Temperature
Amplifier temperature compensation example
Capacitor temperature effects
Coax loss versus temperature
Cryogenics in microwaves
Directed energy weapons
Finite Integration Technique
Fourier's Law
Heat and temperature effects
Induction cooking
Laws of Thermodynamics
Microwave Auditory Effects
Microwave ovens
Resistance Temperature Devices (RTDs)
Solid-state microwave ovens
Temperature Expansion
Temperature Measurement
Temperature modeling of S-parameters
Temperature variable attenuators
Thermal Analysis
Thermal Conductivity
Thermistors
Thermocouples
Thermoelectric Coolers
Transmission line temperature effects
Variable frequency microwave
History
A Rough Justice
BAA
Historical Test Equipment
History of Microwave Diodes
History of Microwave Engineering
History of Microwave Filters
History of Microwave Software
History of MMICs
History of Stripline
History of the Microwave Oven
Mark 53 VT Fuze
Maxwell's Equations
Mechanical Universe from Caltech
Men of Science, Santa Barbara News-Press, 1958
Microwave Hall of Fame Part I
Microwave Hall of Fame Part III
Microwave Nomographs
Microwave Hall of Fame Part II
MIMO - an Historical Tutorial
MIT Radiation Laboratory (Rad Lab)
National Electronics Museum
Old School Tools
Pocket Protector
RCA
Rubylith
SIGABA
The History of Electronic Warfare - Part I
Varian Radar Ads-Historical
Where are They Now?
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe: Mapping the Early Universe
Linear EDA Analysis
ADS Example 1. Two-state devices
Multi-State Simulations, Part II
Optimization
Repairing corrupt S2P files
Transient analysis using EDA software
Linear Network Parameters
Mixed-Mode S-Parameters
S-parameter Utilities Spreadsheet
S-parameters
Transfer S-parameters
Lumped Elements
Adams' resistive splitter
Capacitor ESR Effects
Capacitor Fabrication
Capacitor Mathematics
Capacitor voltage effects
Capacitors
Ceramic Capacitors
Charge storage capacitor dissipation
Embedded resistors
Inductor Mathematics
Inductors
Lumped Element Bias Tee
Lumped element matching calculator
Lumped element Wilkinson power divider example 1
Lumped Element Wilkinson Splitters
Lumped Elements
Mesa Resistors
Parasitics
Resistor Mathematics
Resonance of RLC Circuits
RETMA Values
Self Resonant Frequency
Toroidal inductors
Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing
Design of experiments
Fiducials
Microwave Semiconductor Processing
Photolithography 101
Resistor Trimming
Six Sigma
Soldering Basics
Thick-Film Resistors
Thin-Film Networks
Thin-Film Resistors
Van der Pauw Measurements
Yield Analysis
Material Properties
Absorbing Materials
Air
Alumina 96%
Alumina 99.5%
Aluminum
Aluminum Nitride
Bakelite
Barium strontium titanate (BST)
Beryllium Oxide
Capacitor Materials
Chromium
Co-fired Ceramics
Conducting Materials
Conductivity
Copper
FR-4
Gallium Arsenide
Gallium Nitride
Glass Materials
Gold
Growing Semiconductor Boules
Growing Starting Material
Hard Substrate Materials
Hazardous Materials
High Permeability Materials
High Temperature Co-fired Ceramics
Indium
Indium Phosphide
Iridium
Iron
Isotropy and Anisotropy
Lead
Low Expansion Alloys
Magnetic Materials
Materials for Microwave Engineering
Metamaterials
Miscellaneous Dielectric Constants
Nickel
Palladium
Periodic Chart
Platinum
Porcelain
PTFE
Quartz
Rhodium
Sapphire
Silicon
Silicon Carbide
Silicon Dioxide
Silver
Soft Substrate Materials
Solder for microwave assemblies
Structural Materials
Superconductors
Tantalum
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Zinc
Zirconium
Measurement and Characterization
3D load-pull plot example
A Prescription For THz Transistor Characterization
Airline calibration standards
Averaging example
Calibrating S-parameter Measurements
Cold S-parameters
Corner Reflectors
De-embedding Load-Pull Data
De-embedding S-Parameters
De-embedding using negation elements
Group Delay Measurements
How to (not) Trash a Calibration Kit!
Laboratory Safety
Measuring Characteristic Impedance
Measuring Dielectric Constant
Measuring dielectric constant from group delay
Metrology
Network Analyzer Measurements
Noise Parameter Equations
Noise Parameter Extraction using Source Pull
Noise parameters, a practical example
Oscilloscope Measurements
Power Meter Measurements
RF Probing
Slotted Line Measurements
Time domain analysis using frequency domain data
Time Domain Reflectometry
TRL calibration
VNA Help!
Microwave Tricks
Electronic Bandgap Materials
Equal ripple transformer example
Gain Equalizers
Parabolic gain equalizer example 2
Parabolic Gain Equalizers
Quarter-wave Transformers
Quarter-wave Tricks
Slow-Wave Structures
Military
International traffic in arms regulations (ITAR)
MIL-Specs for Microwaves
Mixers
Double-Balanced Mixers
Excel S-Parameter Mixer
Hardline Balanced Input Technique
How We Finally Got it Right (and all the secrets too!)
I-Q Mixers
Image Rejection Mixers
Mixer Mess!
Mixer Noise Figure
Mixer Spur Chart
Mixer waveforms
Mixers
Pocket Comb Mixer
Ring Or Crossover?
Single-sideband mixers
Some (not so good) Traces
Special Mixer Mess
Spectral inversion
Spectrum Analyser Mixer Dissection - Page 2
Spectrum Analyser Mixer Dissection - Page 3
Spectrum Analyser Mixer Dissection - Page 4
Spectrum Analyser Mixer Dissection - Page 5
Spur Search
Sub-Harmonic Mixers
Suspended Substrate Stripline Couplers (and how we got there from hardline!)
The Result - Performance Traces
Vector Modulator
MMICs
Air bridge inductance
MMIC Design
MMIC Suppliers
MMICs
RFID
Modeling
Equivalent circuit model example 1: gain equalizer
Equivalent circuit model fitter
S-parameter interpolator
Nonlinear Devices
Compression point
Cripps' analysis
Diodes
Distortion 101
Frequency Multipliers
Harmonic balance
IMPATT diodes
Limiters
Load Pull for Power Devices
Negative resistance devices
Non-Linear Devices
Non-linear Passive Reciprocal Networks
PIN Diodes
Schottky Diodes
Tunnel Diodes
Varactors
Zener Diodes
Oscillators and Sources
Coupled Oscillators
Crystal Oscillators
Gunn diode oscillators
IMPATT transmitters
ISIS Diodes
Masers
Oscillators
Phase noise
Phase noise videos
Pulsed RF Sources
Packaging
American Wire Gauge
Atmospheric Pressure
Avoiding oscillations in microwave packaging
Basics of Good EMI/EMC Design
Batteries
Chicken dots
Drill Sizes
Electro-Static Discharge
Epoxy for electronics
ESD Protection Circuits
Feedthroughs
Flip Chip Technology
Hermeticity
Hot Vias
Housings
Hybrid Modules
Laird
Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics
Microwave Circuit Card Assemblies
Microwave Integrated Circuits
Microwave Plating 101
Millimeterwave packaging
Packaging
Packaging, assembly, and interconnects
Particle Impact Noise Detection
RF wirebond compensation
RF wirebonds
RoHS
Seam Sealer
Sintered silver paste
V-bonds
Wirebonding
Phase Shifters/Time Delay Units
180 Degree Hybrid Phase Shifters
An Important Characteristic of Phase Shifters
Ferroelectric Phase Shifters
Frequency Translators
High-Pass Low-Pass Phase Shifters
Line Stretchers
Loaded-Line Phase Shifters
MEMS Phase Shifters
Microwaves101 Line Stretcher!
MMIC Phase Shifter Example 1
MMIC Phase Shifter Example 2
Multi-bit phase shifter design - how NOT to calculate RMS phase error
Multi-bit phase shifter design using Microwave Office
Phase Shifter Multi-State Simulation
Phase Shifter RMS Amplitude Error
Phase Shifter RMS Phase Error
Phase Shifters
PIN Diode 180 Degree Phase Shifter
Quadrature Reflection Phase Shifters
Reflection Phase Shifters
RMS Phase and Amplitude Errors
Schiffman Phase Shifters
Switched Filter Phase Shifters
Switched Line Phase Shifters
Time Delay Unit (TDU)
True Time Delay
Varactor Phase Shifters
Power Handling
Atmospheric Breakdown
Coax absolute maximum power handling
Coax Power Handling
Designing for High Peak Power
Multipaction
Paschen's Law
Power Handling
Power Handling in Waveguide
Wireless power transfer
Practical Advice
Faking SPDT three-port S-parameters
Ground
Microwave Figures of Merit
Microwave Rules of Thumb
Printed Circuit Boards
Copper pour on RF PCBs
Professional Societies
ARMMS Conference
Association of Old Crows
BCICTS
BCICTS History
IEEE Microwave Theory and Technology Society
International Microwave Symposium
Microwave Events Calendar
Women in Microwaves
Radar
Automotive Radar
Barker codes
CASA Center
Coffee Can Radar
Doppler Radar Teardown
Doppler Shift
Eli Brookner lectures on phased arrays
Ground Penetrating Radar
Radar Absorbers
Radar Cross-Section Physics
Radar Range Equation
Radar-based Vital Sign Detection
Radar101
Radio and Communications
5G
Cell Phones
Deep Space Network
Digital modulation
Free Space Path Loss
Full Duplex Transmit/Receive
Fundamentals of Radio Course
LEO Satcom
Radio direction finding
Radio101
SatCom
Simultaneous Transmit and Receive (STAR)
Single Sideband Transmission
Software Defined Radio (SDR)
Starlink
Wireless
WLAN Standards
Receivers
A Note on Noise
Direct digital receivers
Dual-Channel Receivers
Dynamic Range
Homodyne Receivers
Microwave Receivers
Minimum detectable signal
Noise Conversion
Noise Figure
Noise Figure of Passives
Noise Figure One and Two, Friis and IEEE
Noise Notes
Noise Parameters
Noise Temperature
Radiometric Receivers
Receiver Blocking
Superheterodyne Receivers
What makes a good low-noise device?
Wideband receiver harmonic spur suppression
Reliability
Circuit card burn-in
Reliability
Smith Chart
Smith Chart Basics
Smith Chart in Excel
Three Dimensional Smith Chart
Software
Computer-Aided Design
Electromagnetic Analysis Software
FraudoCAD
Free EDA software
Linear CAD Software
Microwave Smartphone Apps
Software for Circuit Layout
Spectrum analysis
Pulsed RF spectrum spreadsheet
Spectrum analysis
Splitters
Lim Eom Power Combiner Example #2
Lim-Eom 3-way Power Splitters
Owen Splitter
Owen Splitter Example #1
Resistive Taps
Switches
An Important Shunt Switch Consideration
Chalcogenide switches
Ferrite Switches
Liquid metal switches
Mechanical Switches
MEMS for microwaves
Metal-insulator-transition switches
Microwave Switches
Microwaves101 switch FET model
MMIC Switch Design Example 3
Phase change switches
PIN Diode Switches
Resonating switch-FET off-capacitance
SLCFET
Solid-State Switches
Stiction
Switch Design
Switch FET geometric modeling
Switch FETs and FET Switches
Switch Matrices
Switch Power Handling
System Design
Cascade Analysis
Technical Writing and Presentations
Getting organized
Grammar and Punctuation
Know your audience
Sample documents
Technical Writing
Writing process and style
Terminations
Dot Termination
Microstrip Short Circuit
Microwave terminations
Mismatched termination power handling
Mismatched terminations
Phase-variable mismatched termination
Pill terminations
Test Equipment
Controlling Curve Tracer Oscillations
Curve Tracer Example 1
Curve Tracer Example 2
Curve Tracer Example 3
Curve Tracer Measurements
Curve Tracer Modification
eCalibration
Frequency Meters
Microwave Impedance Tuners
Microwave Lab
Microwave Measurements
Noise figure measurement on a VNA!
RF Probe Calibration
Sliding load
Spectrum Analyzer
Transformers and Matching Networks
Matching Networks
Maximally-Flat Impedance Transformers
Tapered Transformers
Twelfth-wave Transformer
Transmission Lines
A more accurate Tline model
Artificial transmission lines
Cheapline™
Coax
Coax cutoff frequency
Dispersion
Dispersion in microstrip
Dk and Df Extraction Spreadsheet
Filling Factor
Finline
History of microstrip
Keffective
Klopfenstein Taper
Light, Phase and Group Velocities
Low Frequency Dispersion in TEM Lines
Microstrip
Microstrip Loss Calculations
Microstrip Loss due to Substrate Conduction
Multi-Dielectric Coax
Nonlinear Transmission Lines
Off-Center Coax
PolyStrata(R) Process
Propagation Constant
Rectax
Rectax cut-off frequency
Slotline
Stripline
Surface roughness effect on propagation delay
Suspended Air Stripline
Transmission Line Loss
Transmission line tool
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line Model
Transverse Electro-Magnetic (TEM)
Triax
Twinax
Wire over ground transmission line
Wire Transmission Lines
Universities
Chalmers University of Technology
Clemson University
Colorado State University
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)
Georgia Tech
Indian Institutes of Technology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Meta-material research at NIT Trichy
Microwave Colleges
MTT IMS 3-Minute Thesis Competition
National Taiwan University
National Institute of Technology, Trichy
New York University Tandon School of Engineering
Purdue University
Seoul National University
SUNY New Paltz
University of Califonia San Diego
University of Oklahoma
University of Texas El Paso
University of Virginia
Vacuum Electronics
Magnetron
Microwave Tubes
Traveling wave tubes (TWTs)
Waveguides
Circular Waveguide
Coplanar Waveguide
Dielectric-Loaded Waveguide
Double-Ridged Waveguide
Flexible Waveguide
Frequency Letter Bands
Group delay in waveguide
Magic Tees
Parallel Plate Waveguide
Rectangular Waveguide Dimensions
Short-Slot Waveguide Hybrid
Substrate Integrated Waveguide
Waveguide Construction
Waveguide Loss
Waveguide Mode Visualization
Waveguide Primer
Waveguide to coax transitions
Waveguide wave impedance
Waveguide Mathematics
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